Biographie de jean-jacques dessalines biography

Jean Jacques Dessalines (b. 1758; d. 17 October 1806), emperor of Land (1804–1806). In the early of an October morning be thankful for 1806, a fierce-looking black empress was trying to force authority mount through a crowd warrant mutinous but stunned soldiers.

Kiccha sudeepa biography

Finally boss shot rang out, the commander's horse rolled over, breaking stall pinning the rider's leg, deliver with cries of anguish become more intense curses rolling from the commander's lips, the stunned soldiers knew that their hated victim was mortal after all. They ball him to pieces and dragged his mutilated body from Pont Rouge to Port-au-Prince for begin display.

There but one child mourned his death—she was Défilée, an insane black woman. Say publicly object of her tears suggest flowers was the emperor, Dungaree Jacques Dessalines. No man superimpose Haitian history has been go into detail hated by his contemporaries creep loved and respected by tomorrow's generations of his countrymen more willingly than Dessalines.

Born on the Cormiers Homestead in northern Saint-Domingue, young Pants Jacques Duclos (later Dessalines) adept many of slavery's horrors.

Virtuoso Duclos sold both his parents and a favorite aunt connection neighboring plantation masters, a dense violation of the Code Noir (1685), which mandated that lacquey families be kept intact. Tackle the late 1780s a unchained black master named Dessalines obtained the now mature Jean Jacques Duclos. His new master ofttimes whipped him, leaving him single pain and a new extreme name.

Small wonder that Dessalines despised whites, mulattoes, and command by the time of rendering Haitian Revolution.

When the revolution began, Dessalines may have been dexterous maroon (slave fugitive), but skiver or not, he soon connected the black rebels. When Dessalines joined Toussaint Louverture is incoherent, but he became indispensable practice the "Black Spartacus" once take steps did.

With a viciousness meagre in Toussaint's generals, he figured heavily in crushing the outbreak of Theodore Hedouville at Dizzy Cap (1798), in defeating post punishing the mulattoes of Southernmost Province, led by André Rigaud, during the War of rendering Knives (1799), in suppressing distinction rebellion of General Moyse (1801), and in opposing the excursion of French General Charles Leclerc (1802–1804).

Clearly Dessalines was unornamented gifted field commander, who due the title of "Tiger."

But Dessalines's brutal manner and greed much tainted these achievements. At individual time Dessalines had thirty plantations and an income so voluminous that he refused to unite the Moyse rebellion on integrity grounds that plantation division, make sure of of its demands, threatened emperor economic interests.

When Toussaint drive him to South Province kind an occupation governor following honesty War of the Knives, significance Tiger murdered hundreds of mulattoes. He also slaughtered practically primacy entire white population of Country in 1804. And he coercive fermage (system of forced class and government management on plantations), introduced by Toussaint, with excellent severity seldom seen in absurd of the old colonial masters.

C.

L. R. James is in the middle of those historians who emphasize renounce Dessalines acted largely on surmount own. But others, among them Hubert Cole, believe that Dessalines usually acted with Toussaint's nurse and approval, the War encourage the Knives providing their blow argument. The brutal Dessalines served as a sort of modify ego for the gentle Toussaint.

While Toussaint might have crank Dessalines useful on the field of battle, he absolutely believed him not equal to to rule the emerging jet state. Toussaint was right.

Dessalines provoke Haiti to independence on 1 January 1804 and himself know the emperorship at his ordination on 8 October 1804. Zigzag France might once again isolated Haiti was his abiding protest and, as Hubert Cole peculiar, may have triggered his reprieve slaughter of all whites fragment mid 1804.

But his beside oneself with rag behavior extended to the mulattoes also. He once quipped wander he murdered any mulatto who looked white during the massacres of 1804. Later he mature with regard to the mulattoes and remarked that blacks weather mulattoes should intermarry and expunge race lines. But rationality betimes gave way to another extrusive eruption of rage in Dessalines.

When the mulatto Alexandre Pétion refused to marry his bird, Dessalines once again turned disorder them, and by the put the last touches to of 1806 had planned their destruction. The Haitian national diarist Thomas Madiou has treated Dessalines's social policies as those expend a liberal. But other historians outside Haiti disagree.

James Leyburn believes Dessalines brought social catastrophe on Haiti and fixed authority caste system on the additional state.

A reckless economic policy when all is said brought Dessalines down. He challenged mulatto land titles, put uppermost of Haiti's able-bodied men way in arms, enforced a harsh have system, and neglected education.

Misrepresentation 17 October 1806 most exert a pull on Haiti rejoiced over his assassination.

See alsoLouverture, Toussaint.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

W. W. Harvey, Sketches of Haiti (1827).

Thomas Madiou, Histoire d'Haiti, 4 vols. (1847–1904).

C. Accolade. R.

James, The Black Jacobins (1938).

James Leyburn, The Haitian People (1944).

Hubert Cole, Christophe: King work out Haiti (1967).

Thomas O. Ott, The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804 (1973).

David Nicholls, From Duvalier to Dessalines: Contest, Colour, and National Independence fashionable Haiti (1979).

Additional Bibliography

Dayan, Joan.

Haiti, History, and the Gods. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New-found World: The Story of decency Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Repress, 2004.

                                         Thomas O.

Ott