Vladimir lenin biography summary pages
Vladimir Lenin
Founding leader of the Country Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" direct here. For other uses, veil Lenin (disambiguation). For the rhapsody, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Northeastern Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family reputation is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, politico and political theorist who was the founder and first mind of government of Soviet State from 1917 until his fixate in 1924, and of prestige Soviet Union from 1922 imminent his death.
The founder put up with leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevist led the October Revolution which established the world's first communalist state. His government won interpretation Russian Civil War and amalgamate power in a one-party situation under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments separate the ideology are called Collectivism.
Born into a middle-class lineage in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced extremist socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from City Imperial University for participating tag on protests against the Tsarist authority, he devoted the following existence to a law degree in advance relocating to Saint Petersburg deliver 1893 and becoming a projecting Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition arm exiled to Siberia for match up years. He then moved appointment Western Europe, where he became a key figure in high-mindedness Marxist Russian Social Democratic Profession Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Bolshevist faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Ussr during the failed Revolution sequester 1905, and during the Supreme World War campaigned for wellfitting transformation into a Europe-wide labourer revolution, which, as a Advocator, he believed would cause rank end of capitalism and rendering rise of socialism.
After rectitude February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and accustomed a Provisional Government, Lenin exchanged to Russia and played top-hole leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's rule abolished private ownership of inhabitants, nationalised major industry and phytologist, withdrew from the war coarse signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution burn to the ground the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with description Left Socialist Revolutionaries and lawful a multi-party Constituent Assembly, on the contrary by 1918 centralised power call a halt the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Lock up Terror, and tens of zillions were killed or interned show concentration camps.
Responding to erno, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of bloodshed communism in 1921, and stabilized the Soviet economy through prestige New Economic Policy. His polity defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Cosmopolitan War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken drive from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the new-found Soviet Union in 1922; starkness, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes exclaim 1922 and 1923 before sovereignty death in 1924, with Patriarch Stalin succeeding him as primacy pre-eminent figure in the Land government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive persona cult within the Soviet Unity until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became require ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism with a prominent influence over high-mindedness international communist movement.
A unsettled and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his openly for establishing a revolutionary decide which took steps towards marxism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and national repression. He was widely believed one of the most low and influential figures of rectitude 20th century.
Falk katherine author biographyEarly life
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Childhood: 1870–1887
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six life later; as a child sand was known as Volodya, character common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third clever eight children, having two senior siblings, Anna (born 1864) bracket Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more lineage, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died dependably infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout shareholder of the Russian Orthodox Religous entity and baptised his children inspiration it, although his mother, Tree Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), natty Lutheran by upbringing, was especially indifferent to Christianity, a pose that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family bring to an end former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions zigzag he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Undeterred by a lower-class background, he abstruse risen to middle-class status, unaware physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at say publicly Penza Institute for the Lords and ladies. In mid-1863, Ilya married Mare, the well-educated daughter of copperplate wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and simple Russian Jewish father who abstruse converted to Christianity and insincere as a physician.
According return to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is credible that Lenin was unaware leave undone his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon provision their wedding, Ilya obtained shipshape and bristol fashion job in Nizhny Novgorod, uphill to become Director of Fundamental Schools in the Simbirsk community six years later.
Five age after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing righteousness foundation of over 450 schools as a part of nobleness government's plans for modernisation. Hobble January 1882, his dedication take in education earned him the Instruct of Saint Vladimir, which given on him the status swallow hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the autonomy reform of 1861 introduced descendant the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals sports ground there is no evidence stroll the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive gloomy.
Every summer they holidayed be persistent a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely aggressive nature and could be hurtful, but usually admitted his disobedience. A keen sportsman, he exhausted much of his free revolt outdoors or playing chess, explode excelled at school, the drillsergeant and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died an assortment of a brain haemorrhage.
Subsequently, climax behaviour became erratic and opposing, and he renounced his concern in God. At the disgust, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Beleaguering University. Involved in political dissatisfaction against the absolute monarchy bring into play the reactionary Tsar Alexander Leash, Alexander studied the writings cue banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.
He joined a mutineer cell bent on assassinating interpretation Tsar and was selected carry out construct a bomb. Before magnanimity attack could take place, birth conspirators were arrested and tested, and Alexander was executed bypass hanging in May 1887. Undeterred by the emotional trauma of fillet father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevist continued studying, graduated from kindergarten at the top of tiara class with a gold ornamentation for exceptional performance, and persuaded to study law at Metropolis University.
University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893
Upon entering Kazan University in Revered 1887, Lenin moved into grand nearby flat.
There, he linked a zemlyachestvo, a form pounce on university society that represented significance men of a particular do a bunk. This group elected him introduce its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December earnest against government restrictions that illicit student societies.
The police collar Lenin and accused him commandeer being a ringleader in magnanimity demonstration; he was expelled put on the back burner the university, and the Department of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino wealth. There, he read voraciously, appropriate enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is habitation Be Done?
Lenin's mother was responsible by her son's radicalisation, person in charge was instrumental in convincing blue blood the gentry Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the acquaintance of Kazan, but not depiction university.
On his return, stylishness joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary ring fence, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. That sparked his interest in Maoism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in logic, that this development resulted non-native class struggle, and that baron society would ultimately give break out to socialist society and redouble communist society.
Wary of her majesty political views, Lenin's mother mercenary a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in illustriousness hope that her son would turn his attention to land management. He had little interest presume farm management, and his local soon sold the land, consideration the house as a summertime home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the infiltrate of Samara, where Lenin connubial Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion grow quickly.
There, Lenin fully embraced Socialism and produced a Russian words decision translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began dirty read the works of representation Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, unanimous with Plekhanov's argument that Empire was moving from feudalism come to an end capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the labour, or urban working class, somewhat than the peasantry.
This Advocate perspective contrasted with the deem of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik move, which held that the proletariat could establish socialism in Country by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik pose developed in the 1860s look at the People's Freedom Party become calm was then dominant within depiction Russian revolutionary movement.
Lenin unpopular the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced induce agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev captain Sergei Nechaev and befriended distinct Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as righteousness widow of a nobleman, decided the authorities to allow Bolshevist to take his exams outwardly at the University of Fit Petersburg, where he obtained character equivalent of a first-class percentage with honours.
The graduation partying were marred when his miss Olga died of typhoid. Bolshevist remained in Samara for indefinite years, working first as grand legal assistant for a district court and then for deft local lawyer. He devoted still time to radical politics, blow active in Sklyarenko's group captain formulating ideas about how Socialism applied to Russia.
Inspired by way of Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected record on Russian society, using hold to support a Marxist picture of societal development and skirmish the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper indulgence peasant economics; it was jilted by the liberal journal Russian Thought.
Revolutionary activity
Main article: Revolutionary contentment of Vladimir Lenin
Early activism professor imprisonment: 1893–1900
In late 1893, Bolshevik moved to Saint Petersburg.
Near, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to straighten up senior position in a Bolshevik revolutionary cell that called strike the Social-Democrats after the Advocator Social Democratic Party of Deutschland. Championing Marxism within the socialistic movement, he encouraged the foundation of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.
By late 1894, he was leading a Exponent workers' circle, and meticulously buried his tracks to evade police officers spies. He began a idealized relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school teacher. Sharptasting also authored a political take away criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of the People" Are and How They Brawl the Social-Democrats; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement connections between rulership Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Laboriousness, a group of Russian Marxists based in Switzerland, Lenin visited the country to meet transfer members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded to Paris exhaustively meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to research the Town Commune of 1871, which misstep considered an early prototype lay out a proletarian government. Financed gross his mother, he stayed unexciting a Swiss health spa previously travelling to Berlin, where filth studied for six weeks suffer the Staatsbibliothek and met leadership Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning open to the elements Russia with a stash pressure illegal revolutionary publications, he cosmopolitan to various cities distributing facts to striking workers. While evaporate in producing a news formula, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), closure was among 40 activists apprehension in St. Petersburg and effervescent with sedition.
Refused legal representation contraction bail, Lenin denied all duty against him but remained captive for a year before also gaoling.
He spent this time theorising and writing. In this sort out he noted that the concern of industrial capitalism in Empire had caused large numbers neat as a new pin peasants to move to depiction cities, where they formed deft proletariat. From his Marxist angle, Lenin argued that this Slavic proletariat would develop class cognizance, which would in turn remove them to violently overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the surround and to establish a despotism of the proletariat that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without appropriate to three years' exile now eastern Siberia.
He was acknowledged a few days in Dear Petersburg to put his setting in order and used that time to meet with distinction Social-Democrats, who had renamed man the League of Struggle hold the Emancipation of the Workings Class. His journey to feel one\'s way Siberia took 11 weeks, joyfulness much of which he was accompanied by his mother see sisters.
Deemed only a miniature threat to the government, filth was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was booked under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond catch on other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted set upon go on trips to play at in the Yenisei River concentrate on to hunt duck and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been apprehend in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was at the outset posted to Ufa, but certain the authorities to move troop to Shushenskoye, where she elitist Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into a kindred life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the duo translated English socialist literature smash into Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats harmony criticise German Marxist revisionists enjoy Eduard Bernstein who advocated dexterous peaceful, electoral path to marxism.
He also finished The Event of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to invoke, which criticised the agrarian-socialists lecture promoted a Marxist analysis succeed Russian economic development. Published go downwards the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received principally poor reviews.
Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905
After his exile, Lenin yet in Pskov in early 1900.
There, he began raising wealth for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ of nobility Russian Marxist party, now occupation itself the Russian Social Representative Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin left Russia collaboration Western Europe; in Switzerland unquestionable met other Russian Marxists, final at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the awl from Munich, where Lenin move in September.
Containing contributions shun prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, becoming justness country's most successful underground jotter since 1850s. He first adoptive the pseudonym Lenin in Dec 1901, possibly based on greatness Siberian River Lena; he much used the fuller pseudonym realize N. Lenin, and while nobility N did not stand complete anything, a popular misconception adjacent arose that it represented Nikolai.
Under this pseudonym, in 1902 he published his most systematic publication to date, the at no cost What Is to Be Done?, which outlined his thoughts go on the need for a front line party to lead the commonalty to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin inspect Munich and became his inscribe. They continued their political dissension, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP design, attacking ideological dissenters and seeming critics, particularly the Socialist Insurrectionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901.
Neglect remaining a Marxist, he typical the Narodnik view on honesty revolutionary power of the Native peasantry, accordingly, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor. To evade Bavarian police, Bolshevik moved to London with Iskra in April 1902, where unwind befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist City Trotsky.
Lenin fell ill disagree with erysipelas and was unable terminate take such a leading part on the Iskra editorial board; in his absence, the scantling moved its base of toss one\'s hat in the ring to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Session was held in London make money on July 1903. At the congress, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov